{"id":1775,"date":"2023-12-06T13:33:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-06T13:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/?page_id=1775"},"modified":"2023-12-28T13:21:22","modified_gmt":"2023-12-28T13:21:22","slug":"class-xii-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/?page_id=1775","title":{"rendered":"Class-XII (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Physics-XII (1)<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Book-PDF<\/a><\/h4>\n

Chapter#11 Heat
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Topics:-
\n11.1: Introduction to Heat<\/a>
\n11.2: Temperature and its Units<\/a>
\n11.3: Modes Of Heat Transfer<\/a>
\n11.4: Temperature Scale<\/a>
\n11.5: Problems of Temperature scale<\/a>
\n11.6: Thermal And Linear Expansion<\/a>
\n11.7: Thermal Expansion And Volumetric Expansion \u00a0<\/a>
\n11.8: Thermal Expansion Numericals<\/a>
\n11.9: Application Of Thermal Expansion<\/a>
\n11.10: General Gas Laws Boyle’s Law<\/a>
\n11.11: General Gas Charle’s Law<\/a>
\n11.12: General Gas Equation<\/a><\/h4>\n

Chapter#12 Electrostatics
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

12.1: Coulomb’s Law and Electric Intensity<\/a>
\n12.2: Electric Lines of Forces<\/a>
\n12.3: Electric Flux & Electric Flux Through Sphere<\/a>
\n12.4: Statement and Proof of Gauss’ Law<\/a>
\n12.5: Electric Intensity due to a Charged Sphere<\/a>
\n12.6: Electric Intensity Due to an Infinite Sheet of Charge<\/a>
\n12.7: Relation between Electric Intensity and Potential Difference<\/a>
\n12.8: Derivation of Electric Potential<\/a>
\n12.9: Parallel Plate Capacitor<\/a>
\n12.10: Combination of Capacitors<\/a>
\n12.11: Coulomb’s Law l<\/strong> Solved Numerical-1<\/a>–Coulomb’s Law | Solved Numericals-2<\/a>
\n12.12: Electric Field & Potential<\/a>
\n12.13: Electric Potential<\/a>
\n12.14: Capacitors-1\u00a0<\/a>
\n12.15: Capacitors-2<\/a><\/h4>\n

Chapter#13 Current Electricity<\/strong><\/p>\n

13.1: Electric Current & Ohm’s Law<\/a>
\n13.2: Resistivity and Temperature Co efficient of Resistance<\/a>
\n13.3: Combinations of Resistors<\/a>
\n13.4: Power Dissipation in Resistors<\/a>
\n13.5: E.M.F and Internal Resistance<\/a>
\n13.6: Electric Current & Resistivity<\/a>
\n13.7: Power Dissipation (Part 1)<\/a> — Power Dissipation (Part 2)<\/a>
\n13.8: Combination of Resistances (Part 1)<\/a> — Combination of Resistances (Part 2)<\/a>
\n13.9: Internal Resistance and EMF<\/a>
\n13.10: Temperature Co efficient of Resistance<\/a>
\n13.11: Current Electricity<\/a><\/h4>\n

Chapter#14 Magnetism and Electro Magnetism<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

14.1:\u00a0Magnetic Field Due to Current<\/strong>
\n–Introduction to Electromagnetism<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Magnetism and Electromagnetism<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Long Straight Wire<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

14.2: Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field<\/strong>
\n–Problem2-Force on a Current Carrying Conductor Place in a Magnetic Fi<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Uniform B Field<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Uniform B Field<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem1-Force on a Current Carrying Conductor Place in a Magnetic Fi<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

14.3: Torque on a Current Carrying Rectangular Loop Placed in a Magnetic Field<\/strong>
\n–Turning Effects on a Current Carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Torque on a Current Carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Torque on a Current Carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

14.4: Magnetic Flux and Flux Density
\n–Flemings Left Hand Rule<\/span><\/a>
\n–Magnetic Flux and Flux Density<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n
14.5: Force on a Charged Particle Moving on a Magnetic Field<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Ampere’s Law and Determination of Flux Density B<\/span><\/a><\/strong>–Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field<\/span><\/a>
\n–Motion of Charged Particle in an Electric and Magnetic Field<\/span><\/a>
\n–Cross Electric and Magnetic Fields; Velocity Selector<\/span><\/a>
\n–Determination of e\/m of an Electron<\/span><\/a>
\n–More on Determination of e\/m of an Electron<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n
14.6: Amperes Law<\/strong><\/div>\n
–Problem-Magnetic Flux and Flux Density<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Ampere’s Law and Determination of Flux Density B<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Ampere’s Law and Determination of Flux Density B<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Magnetic Field of a Solenoid<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Field Due to a Current Carrying Solenoid<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Field Due to a Current Carrying Solenoid<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Field Due to a Current Carrying Solenoid<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Toroidal Field<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Toroidal Field<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n
14.7: Electromagnetic Induction<\/strong>
\n–Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Induced EMF and Induced Current<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
14.8: Lenzs Law<\/strong>
\n–Lenz’s Law<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Lenz’s Law and Direction of Induced EMF<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
14.9: Self Induction<\/strong>
\n–Self Induction-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Self Induction-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Mutual Induction-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Mutual Induction-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Mutual Induction-3<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Self Induction<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Energy Stored in an Inductor<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem1-Energy Stored in an Inductor<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Induced EMF and Induced Current<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Motional EMF<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Motional EMF<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
14.10: Alternating Current Generator ( Dynamo )<\/strong>
\n–AC Generator<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Alternating Current Generator<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Alternating Current Generator-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Alternating Current Generator-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>14.11: D.C. Generator<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Alternating Current Generator<\/span><\/a><\/strong>14.12: Electric Motor<\/strong>
\n–Problem3-Back EMF Effect in Motors<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Electric Motor<\/span><\/a><\/strong>14.13: Transformer<\/strong>
\n–Problem2-Transformer<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Transformer-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Transformer-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–High Voltage Transmission<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Sources of Power Loss in Transformer<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Chapter 15:\u00a0Electrical Measuring Instruments<\/h3>\n
15.1: Introduction
\n–Problem 2-Conductance and Conductivity<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n
15.2: The Moving Coil Galvanometer<\/strong>
\n–Ammeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Galvanometer<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
15.3: Ammeter and Voltmeter<\/strong>
\n–More on Galvanometer<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Ammeter-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Ammeter-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Ammeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Voltmeter-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Voltmeter-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–AVO meter-Multimeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Multi-Range Ammeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Multi-Range D.C. Voltmeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Multi-Range A.C. Voltmeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
15.4: Wheatstone Bridge
\n–More on Problem-Loop Analysis<\/span><\/a>
\n–Wheatstone Bridge<\/span><\/a>
\n–Problem-Wheatstone Bridge<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n
15.5: Meter Bridge<\/strong>
\n–Introduction to Voltmeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Meter Bridge<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/strong>15.6: Post Office Box ( P.O. Box )<\/strong>
\n–More on Meter Bridge<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Post Office Box ( P.O. Box )<\/span><\/a><\/strong>15.7: The Ohmmeter<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Voltmeter<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
15.8: Potentiometer
\n–More on Problem-Wheatstone Bridge<\/span><\/a>
\n–Potentiometer-1<\/span><\/a>
\n–Potentiometer-2<\/span><\/a>
\n–More on Post Office Box ( P.O. Box )<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Chapter 16:\u00a0Electromagnetic Waves and Electronics<\/h3>\n

16.1: Production of Electromagnetic Waves ( Radio Waves )<\/strong><\/p>\n

–Choke<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–More on Magnetic Field Due to a Changing Electric Flux<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

16.2: Information Carried by Electromagnetic Waves and Their Reception<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

–Principle of Generation of e.m Waves<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Principle of Transmission and Reception of em Waves<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Transmission and Reception of Information<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–More on Transmission and Reception of Information<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–More on Transmission and Reception of Information<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Radiation From Antenna<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Modulation<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Percentage of Modulation<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Choke<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

16.3: The Band Theory of Solids<\/strong><\/p>\n

–Energy Band Theory<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Insulators and Conductors<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

16.4: Semi Conductors<\/strong><\/p>\n

–Semiconductors<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

16.5: Atomic Binding in Semi Conductors<\/strong><\/div>\n
\n

–Atomic Binding in Semi Conductors<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

16.6: Preparation of Semi Conductors<\/strong><\/div>\n
–Preparation of Semi Conductors-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n

–Preparation of Semi Conductors-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
16.7: Crystallography<\/strong><\/div>\n
–Crystallography<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n
16.8: Crystal Lattice and Unit Cell<\/strong><\/div>\n
–Crystal Lattice and Unit Cell<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
16.9: The p-n Junction or Semi Conductor Diode<\/strong><\/div>\n
–P-N Junction<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–Brief Review of p-n Junction and its Characteristics<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–More on Brief Review of p-n Junction and its Characteristics<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–More on Brief Review of p-n Junction and its Characteristics<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
16.10: Biasing<\/strong>
\n–Semi-Conductor Diode<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Forward Biased p-n Junction<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
16.11: Semi Conductor Diode ( Crystal Diode ) Rectifiers<\/strong><\/div>\n
–Semi-Conductor Diode as a Rectifier<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–Rectification<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–Half Wave Rectification<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–Full Wave Rectification<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
16.12: Photodiodes<\/strong>
\n–More on Light Emitting Diode<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Photo Diode<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
16.13: Light Emitting Diode ( LED )<\/strong>
\n–Semiconductor Diode<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Light Emitting Diode<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
16.14: Solar Cell<\/strong>
\n–Problem- Transistors<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Solar Cell<\/span><\/a><\/strong>16.15: Transistor<\/strong>
\n–Transistor as an Amplifier<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Transistors-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–Transistor-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Transistor Configurations<\/span><\/a><\/strong>16.16: Transistor Operation<\/strong>
\n–More on Solar Cell and Their Uses<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Current Flow in a n-p-n Transistor<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Uses of Transistors<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n
16.17: Transistor Characteristics<\/strong>
\n–More on Transistor Action<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
16.18: Transistor as an Amplifier<\/strong>
\n–Working of p-n-p Transistor<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Transistor as an Amplifier<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Transistor as an Amplifier<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Chapter 17 Advent of Modern Physics<\/h2>\n
17.1: Frames of Reference<\/strong><\/div>\n
–Modern Physics<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n

–Frames of Reference<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
17.2: Inertial Reference Frame<\/strong>
\n–Inertial Reference Frame<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
17.3: Frames of Reference in Uniform Relative Motion<\/strong>
\n–Frames of Reference in Uniform Relative Motion<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Frames of Reference in Uniform Relative Motion<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Frames of Reference in Uniform Relative Motion<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n
17.4: The Principle of Relativity<\/strong>
\n–Relative Motion<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n
17.5: Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity<\/strong>
\n–Special Theory of Relativity<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Special Theory of Relativity<\/span><\/a><\/strong>17.6: Consequences of Special Theory of Relativity<\/strong>
\n–Time Dilation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Time Dilation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Length Contraction<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Length Contraction<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Mass Variation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Mass Variation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Energy-Mass Relation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Energy-Mass Relation<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
17.7: Black Body Radiation and Quantum Theory<\/strong>
\n–Problem2-Half Life<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Black Body Radiation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Black-Body Radiation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–2-More on Black-Body Radiation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem1-Black Body Radiation<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n
17.8: Plancks Law – Quantum Theory<\/strong>
\n–Problem2-Black Body Radiation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Planck’s Assumption<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Planck’s Assumption<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
17.9: The Photon<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Planck’s Assumption<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–The Photon-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–The Photon-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>17.10: The Photo Electric Effect<\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation With Matter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Photoelectric Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Photoelectric Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–2-More on Photoelectric Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–3-More on Photoelectric Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong>17.11: Einsteins Explanation of Photo Electric Effect on The Basis of Quantum Theory<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Photoelectric Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Explanation on the Basis of Quantum Theory<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Explanation on the Basis of Quantum Theory<\/span><\/a><\/strong>17.12: Photo Cell and their Uses<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Explanation on the Basis of Quantum Theory<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Photocell<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

17.13: The Compton Effect\u00a0<\/strong>
\n–More on Photocell<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Compton Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Compton Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

–2-More on Compton Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

17.14: Pair Production and Annhilation of Matter<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Compton Effect<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Pair Production-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Pair Production-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Pair Production<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

17.15: The Wave Nature of Particles and De – Broglie Hypothesis<\/strong>
\n–Annihilation of Matter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Wave Nature of Particles<\/span><\/a><\/strong>17.16: The Davisson and Germer Experiment<\/strong><\/div>\n
–More on Wave Nature of Particles<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
–Davisson and Germer Experiment<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n

–More on Davisson and Germer Experiment<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
17.17: Wave Particle Duality<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Davisson and Germer Experiment<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Wave Particle Duality<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
17.18: The Uncertainty Principle<\/strong>
\n–More on Electron Microscope<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Uncertainty Principle<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Uncertainty Principle<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–2-More on Uncertainty Principle<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem1-Uncertainty Principle<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n

Chapter 18 The Atomic Spectra<\/h2>\n

18.1: The Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom<\/strong>
\n–Hazards of Radiations and Safety Measures<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Atomic Spectra<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Atomic Spectra<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–2-More on Atomic Spectra<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

18.2: Bohrs Model of The Hydrogen Atom<\/strong>
\n–Optical Spectrum<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–De-Broglie’s Interpretation of Bohr’s Orbits<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Quantized Radii<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Quantized Radii<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Quantized Radii<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Quantized Energies<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Quantized Energies<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem-Quantized Energies<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Hydrogen Emission Spectrum<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Energy Level Diagram<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Energy Level Diagram<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

18.3: Excitation and Ionization Potentail<\/strong>
\n–Success and Failure of Bohr’s Theory<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Excitation and Ionization Potential<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Excitation and Ionization Potential<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

18.4: X-Ray Spectra<\/strong>
\n–Inner Shell Transitions and Characteristic X-Rays<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Production of X-Rays<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Production of X-Rays<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

18.5: X – Ray Contnious Spectra or X – Ray Bremsstrahlung<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Production of X-Rays<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–The Continuous X-Ray Spectrum<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Properties of X-Rays<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Properties of X-Rays<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

18.6: Introduction to Lasers<\/strong>
\n–More on Uncertainty Within the Atom<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Laser<\/span><\/a><\/strong>18.7: The Laser Principle<\/strong>
\n–More on Laser<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Population Inversion and Laser Action<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
18.8: Operation of Ruby Laser<\/strong>
\n–2- More on Kinds of Lasers<\/span><\/a><\/strong>18.9: Applications of Laser<\/strong>
\n–Helium-Neon Laser<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Chapter 19 The Atomic Nucleus<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

19.1: Introduction<\/strong>
\n–The Geiger Marsden Experiment<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Rutherford’s Atomic Model<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Rutherford’s Scattering Experiment<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

19.2: Nuclear Structure<\/strong>
\n–More on Rutherford’s Scattering Experiment<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Atomic Nucleus<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
19.3: Isotopes<\/strong>
\n–Uses of Radio Isotopes<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Isotopes and Isobars<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Isotopes and Isobars<\/span><\/a><\/strong>19.4: Radio Activity and Nuclear Changes<\/strong>
\n–Radioactivity-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Radioactivity-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Alpha Emission<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Beta Emission<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
19.5: The Disintegration of Radio Active Elements<\/strong>
\n–Gamma Emission<\/span><\/a><\/strong>19.6: The Law of Radio Active Decay<\/strong>
\n–Spontaneous Disintegration<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Laws of Radioactive decay<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Laws of Radioactive decay<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–2-More on Laws of Radioactive decay<\/span><\/a><\/strong>19.7: The Half Period or Half Life of The Radio Active Nuclide<\/strong>
\n–Radioactive Decay<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Half Life<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Half Life-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Half Life-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem1-Half Life<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
19.8: Nuclear Changes and The Conservation Laws<\/strong>
\n–Nuclear Reactors<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Nuclear Changes and Conservation Laws<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Nuclear Changes and The Conservation Laws<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem1-Nuclear Changes and The Conservation Laws<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem2-Nuclear Changes and The Conservation Laws<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
19.9: Mass Energy Relation and The Mass Defect<\/strong>
\n–More on Weak Nuclear Force and Electroweak Force<\/span><\/a><\/strong>19.10: Mass Defect and Binding Energy<\/strong>
\n–Mass Defect and Binding Energy<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Mass Defect and Binding Energy<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–2-More on Mass Defect and Binding Energy<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Problem1-Mass Defect and Binding Energy<\/span><\/a><\/strong>19.11: Nuclear Reactions<\/strong>
\n–Problem3-Nuclear Changes and The Conservation Laws<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Nuclear Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Nuclear Reactions-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

19.12: Nuclear Fission<\/strong>
\n–Problem-Fission Reaction<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Nuclear Fission<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Nuclear Fission-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Nuclear Fission-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

19.13: Nuclear Fusion<\/strong>
\n–Nuclear Fusion Reaction<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Fusion Reaction<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

19.14: Nuclear Reactors<\/strong>
\n–More on Fusion and Stellar Energy<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Nuclear Reactor<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Nuclear Reactor-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Radiation Damage<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Nuclear Reactor-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

19.15: Breeder Reactor<\/strong>
\n–Uses of Reactors<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR)<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR)-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n

Chapter 20 Nuclear Radiations<\/h2>\n

20.1: Interaction of Nuclear Radiations With Matter<\/strong>
\n–Nature and Properties of Radiations<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Radiation With Matter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Alpha Particles With Matter-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Alpha Particles With Matter-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Beta Particles With Matter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Gamma Rays With Matter-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Gamma Rays With Matter-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Interaction of Neutrons With Matter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Comparison between Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiations<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–The Geiger-Muller (G-M) Tube<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

20.2: Wilson Cloud Chamber<\/strong>
\n–Radiation Detectors<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Wilson Cloud Chamber<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
20.3: Geiger Counter<\/strong>
\n–More on Wilson Cloud Chamber<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Geiger-Muller Counter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–1-More on Geiger-Muller Counter<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
20.4: Solid State Detectors<\/strong>
\n–2-More on Geiger-Muller Counter<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Solid State Detector<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
20.5: Radiation Exposure<\/strong>
\n–The Deuteron<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Radiation Exposure<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
20.6: Radiation Damage<\/strong>
\n–More on Radiation Exposure<\/span><\/a><\/strong>20.7: Effect of Radiation Damage<\/strong>
\n–Biological Effects of Radiation-1<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Biological Effects of Radiation-2<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–More on Mass Spectrograph<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n
20.8: Biological and Medical Uses of Radiation<\/strong>
\n–Protection from Radiation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Biological and Medical uses of Radiation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Radiation Therapy and Diagnostics<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
20.9: Radiation Techniques in Other Fields<\/strong>
\n–Treatment of Cancer<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Chemical Reactions Induced by Radiations<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Radio Processes in Space, the Cosmic Rays<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Polymerisation, Sterilization and Food Preservation<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Gauging, Control and Radiography<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Radiation Methods in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\n–Activation Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Physics-XII (1) Book-PDF Chapter#11 Heat Topics:- 11.1: Introduction to Heat 11.2: Temperature and its Units 11.3: Modes Of Heat Transfer 11.4: Temperature Scale 11.5: Problems of Temperature scale 11.6: Thermal And Linear Expansion 11.7: Thermal Expansion And Volumetric Expansion \u00a0 11.8: Thermal Expansion Numericals 11.9: Application Of Thermal Expansion 11.10: General Gas Laws Boyle’s Law…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1775","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1775","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1775"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1775\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1854,"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1775\/revisions\/1854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/e-academy.com.pk\/cms\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1775"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}